WATER ANALYSIS: ALKALINITY
Experiment no. 1
WATER ANALYSIS: ALKALINITY
OBJECTIVES:
To determine the alkalinity of water, develop the values of honesty and accuracy, develop the mathematical skills of the students and acquire competencies for effective and meaningful communications. Bacteriological water analysis is a method of analyzing water to estimate the numbers of bacteria present and, if needed, to find out what sort of bacteria they are. It is a microbiological analytical procedure which uses samples of water and from these samples determines the concentration of bacteria. It is then possible to draw inferences about the suitability of the water for use from these concentrations. This process is used, for example, to routinely confirm that water is safe for human consumption or that bathing and recreational waters are safe to use.
APPARATUS:
1 acid burette, 1 iron stand, 1 burette holder, 4pcs 250ml beakers, 2pcs 250ml Erlenmeyer flask, 1 test tube brush, 1 hot plate, 1 wire gauze, 1 crucible tong, 1 100ml graduated cylinder.
CHEMICALS:
Phenolphthalein indicator, methyl orange, sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, water sample and distilled water.
CHEMICAL REVIEW SHEET:
PHENOLPHTHALEIN
Synonyms: 3, 3-bis (p-hydroxyphenyl) phthalide; 3, 3-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl)-1(3H)-isobenzofuranore
Molecular Weight: 318.33
Chemical Formulas: C20H14O4
Handling and Storage
Keep in a tightly closed container, stored in a cool, dry, ventilated area. Protect against physical damage. Containers of this material may be hazardous when empty since they retain product residues (dust, solids); observe all warnings and precautions listed for the product.
Appearance:
White to pale yellow crystals.
Odor:
Odorless.
Solubility:
Slightly soluble in water.
Density:
1.299
Melting Point:
258 - 262C (496 - 504F)
METHYL ORANGE
Synonyms: C.I. 13025, p-[[p-(dimethylamino)phenyl]azo]benzenesulfonic acid sodium salt, methyl orange, acid orange 52, orange III, C.I. acid orange 52, troplaeolin, orange 3, gold orange, helianthine b, kca methyl orange, helianthise
Molecular formula: 4-(CH3)2NC6H4:NC6H4-4-SO3Na
Appearance: orange-yellow powder
Melting point:
Vapour density: 11.3 (air = 1)
Density (g cm-3): 1.0
Water solubility: slight
HYDROCHLORIC ACID
Synonyms: muriatic acid, chlorohydric acid.
Molecular formula: HCl
Appearance: clear colorless or slightly yellow liquid with pungent odor. Concentrated acid is fuming.
Melting point: -25 C
Boiling point: 109 C
Specific gravity: 1.19
Stable. Avoid heat, flames. Incompatible with most common metals, amines, metal oxides, acetic anhydride, propiolactone, vinyl acetate, mercuric sulphate, calcium phosphide, formaldehyde, alkalies, carbonates, strong bases, sulphuric acid, chlorosulphonic acid.
SULFURIC ACID
Synonyms: Oil of vitriol; Babcock acid; sulphuric acid
Molecular Weight: 98.08
Chemical Formula: H2SO4 in H2O
WATER ANALYSIS: ALKALINITY
OBJECTIVES:
To determine the alkalinity of water, develop the values of honesty and accuracy, develop the mathematical skills of the students and acquire competencies for effective and meaningful communications. Bacteriological water analysis is a method of analyzing water to estimate the numbers of bacteria present and, if needed, to find out what sort of bacteria they are. It is a microbiological analytical procedure which uses samples of water and from these samples determines the concentration of bacteria. It is then possible to draw inferences about the suitability of the water for use from these concentrations. This process is used, for example, to routinely confirm that water is safe for human consumption or that bathing and recreational waters are safe to use.
APPARATUS:
1 acid burette, 1 iron stand, 1 burette holder, 4pcs 250ml beakers, 2pcs 250ml Erlenmeyer flask, 1 test tube brush, 1 hot plate, 1 wire gauze, 1 crucible tong, 1 100ml graduated cylinder.
CHEMICALS:
Phenolphthalein indicator, methyl orange, sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, water sample and distilled water.
CHEMICAL REVIEW SHEET:
PHENOLPHTHALEIN
Synonyms: 3, 3-bis (p-hydroxyphenyl) phthalide; 3, 3-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl)-1(3H)-isobenzofuranore
Molecular Weight: 318.33
Chemical Formulas: C20H14O4
Handling and Storage
Keep in a tightly closed container, stored in a cool, dry, ventilated area. Protect against physical damage. Containers of this material may be hazardous when empty since they retain product residues (dust, solids); observe all warnings and precautions listed for the product.
Appearance:
White to pale yellow crystals.
Odor:
Odorless.
Solubility:
Slightly soluble in water.
Density:
1.299
Melting Point:
258 - 262C (496 - 504F)
METHYL ORANGE
Synonyms: C.I. 13025, p-[[p-(dimethylamino)phenyl]azo]benzenesulfonic acid sodium salt, methyl orange, acid orange 52, orange III, C.I. acid orange 52, troplaeolin, orange 3, gold orange, helianthine b, kca methyl orange, helianthise
Molecular formula: 4-(CH3)2NC6H4:NC6H4-4-SO3Na
Appearance: orange-yellow powder
Melting point:
Vapour density: 11.3 (air = 1)
Density (g cm-3): 1.0
Water solubility: slight
HYDROCHLORIC ACID
Synonyms: muriatic acid, chlorohydric acid.
Molecular formula: HCl
Appearance: clear colorless or slightly yellow liquid with pungent odor. Concentrated acid is fuming.
Melting point: -25 C
Boiling point: 109 C
Specific gravity: 1.19
Stable. Avoid heat, flames. Incompatible with most common metals, amines, metal oxides, acetic anhydride, propiolactone, vinyl acetate, mercuric sulphate, calcium phosphide, formaldehyde, alkalies, carbonates, strong bases, sulphuric acid, chlorosulphonic acid.
SULFURIC ACID
Synonyms: Oil of vitriol; Babcock acid; sulphuric acid
Molecular Weight: 98.08
Chemical Formula: H2SO4 in H2O
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